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【自留地】A Kindly Reminder

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没什么主题,备忘。


1楼2017-02-22 11:41回复
    关于福柯:
    作者们写作时所说的在很大程度上并非源自他们独特的见解或才能,而是他们所用的语言的产物。
    一种通行的(也是浪漫主义的)观点认为,作者们是在努力对抗语言的强制结构以表达自己独一无二的个人洞见。这种观点有一个假设,即作者能够拥有一种个人的、前语言的见解,要表述这种见解就必须同语言约定俗成的言说倾向作战。另一种相反的“古典主义的”看法认为,作者是在接受并运用标准结构来完成暗含了一种传统见解的新作品。无论是浪漫主义的观点,还是古典主义的看法,二者都将当前的写作看成是个人正在表达自我;他们的不同之处仅在于,表达的内容是作者自己的个人观点还是作者对传统观点的征用。
    作者之死:实质上只是作者作为自我表述者这一概念的死亡。替代“作者之死”的观点是,作者是让语言展现自我的工具。
    一种观点认为作者就是“贯穿一组文章或叙述的原则,是作品意义的源头以及作品之间连贯性的基础”,该观点与其说是创造性表述的根源倒不如说是一种关于限制的原则,因为在其影响之下,我们被迫要按照某个作者的全盘筹划来阅读文本。
    语言通过一些可以说与我们靠得过近因而不易觉察的结构打造了我们日常存在的基本框架。
    摘自:《福柯(中文版)》 — 〔美〕加里·古廷
    在豆瓣阅读书店查看:https://read.douban.com/ebook/2504391/
    本作品由译林出版社授权豆瓣阅读全球范围内电子版制作与发行。
    © 版权所有,侵权必究。


    2楼2017-02-22 12:57
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      2025-05-11 03:21:28
      广告
      “language can and must take us beyond the mode of subjective or even inter-subjective expression.”
      我们知道了那些限制是由我们自己设定的,因此超越它们(越界)只能意味着对自己的反叛,借由“一种空洞的、转而向内的渎神,其介质只是在互相之间发生作用而没有任何外在的目标”
      完全意义上的疯癫无法产生有意义的作品,。。这些“发疯的”作家们之所以有独特的优势、怀有特殊的兴趣,主要是由于他们处在理智世界的边缘这样的阈限位置。他们的写作在连贯性和非连贯性之间的模糊地带展开,他们的精神“躁动”导致了巴塔耶和布朗肖有意为之的越界和退隐。
      普适性的道德体系已经不能够对现存的社会和政治问题作出有效的回应。我们需要的是切实深入到问题中去找出具体的应对之策。
      如果说这一切有积极意义,那就是我们知道了严肃政治问题的提出不一定要依赖于公认的政治理论(即“政治学”),因此,“当前的情况是,人们开始对政治学提出一系列问题,而不是在某一政治学说的框架内重新书写提问这一行为”


      3楼2017-02-22 14:30
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        福柯 | 伊朗革命:政治的精神性
        (节选)
        朱迪特·勒薇尔 / 文
        潘培庆 / 译
        伊朗:
        福柯的观点主要有三点。首先,伊朗革命并非反抗敌人,而是反抗主人,也就是反抗一种专制和腐败的权力结构;这种权力结构自称是现代的,但实际上却是陈旧的,它在表面上和当地情况密切相关,但在实际上却是西方世界某些国家的殖民意愿的同谋,这些西方国家在那里开发它们的政治和经济利益。其次,“一旦政治斗争动员民众阶层,宗教就成为它采取的形式。……政治斗争把宗教变成一种力量,因为宗教是一种表达方式,社会关系的一种模式,一种灵活的,被广泛接受的基层组织,一种生活在一起的方式,一种说话和倾听的方式,一种能够让他人听到自己,和他人一起要求,和他人同步的一种方式。”(1)所以,宗教在伊朗就是人民能够用来反对国家权力的形式;福柯在一些文章中谈到“政治的精神性”,他后来因为该词而受到激烈抨击。最后,这是一场大规模的人民总起义,它既鼓舞人心,因为它在和专制权力作斗争,它让人看到了把握自己历史的人民;同时它又令人困惑,因为谁也不知道这场起义风暴将如何收场。“问题在于知道,众人的意志何时,又将如何让位于政治;问题在于知道,众人的意志是否愿意这样,是否必须这样。这是所有革命的实际问题,也是所有政治哲学的理论问题。”(2)
        (1) “德黑兰:信仰反对伊朗国王”,《晚邮报》,103卷,1978年10月8日,237期,11页。后收入《言与文》,卷三,文章编号244,688页。(Téhéran:la foi contre le chah,Corriere della Sera,vol.103,n。237,8 octobre1978,p.11,repris in DE,vol.3,texte n。244,p.688.)
        (2)“一场徒手反抗”,《晚邮报》,103卷,1978年11月5日,261期,1-2页。后收入《言与文》,卷三,文章编号248,704页。(Une révolte à mains nues,Corriere della Sera,vol.103,n。261,5 novembre1978,pp.1-2,repris in DE,vol.3,texte n。248,p.704.)


        4楼2017-02-22 15:06
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          (继续
          (困成狗,明天一上午一下午的课晚上还他妈要教人画画= =
          (我可能会一头撞死在画布上= =
          任何一种思维都存在这样的潜在规则(或许规则的遵循者们自己都无法阐述),它们实质上限制了我们思考的范围。如果能够揭示这些规则,我们就会明白这些看似随意的限制在由此类规则界定的体系中畅行无阻。
          科学家、哲学家等的所思所想,远不及那些构成他们思考的历史语境的潜在结构重要。
          思想的变化本身并非思想的产物。
          人类的历程并不是通过一次次对抗逐渐实现普遍互惠,从而用法的规则来最终取代战争;人们将其暴力置入一个规则体系,借此从压制走向另一种压制。
          *Somethingelse:
          在我们这个时代,哲学家的范式是康德式的,康德确立了哲学作为独立的理论思辨领域的地位:哲学不再像古时那样是指导人生的智慧,也不像中世纪那样,是神学的附庸,甚至不像笛卡尔和其他早期现代哲人所认为的那样,是对世界新的科学解释的组成部分。在康德那里——至少在三大批判的作者眼中,哲学与物理学和数学一样,是一个学术研究领域,有自己的理论目标、研究方法和研究范围。由此,哲学成为一个技术性、专业性的学科。
          there is an intimate tie between knowledge and power.
          思想的变化不是由思想本身引起的,暗指思想变化的动因是控制个人行为的社会力量。
          changes in thought are not due to thought itself, suggesting that when thoughts change the causes are the social forces that control the behaviour of individuals.
          启蒙运动:to free mankind from the constraints imposed by traditionalauthorities – intellectual, religious, and political. 旨在利用理性使人类从传统权威——包括智性的、宗教的和政治的权威——的束缚中解放出来。


          5楼2017-02-22 18:11
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            笛卡尔:我们怎么能知道我们的观念和存在于我们之外、具有空间和时间维度的事物相对应?
            休谟:我们如何确定我们对观念之间常规联系的经验(例如,太阳每天都会升起)和现实中的必然联系相对应?
            疯人不得不在理智凝视的双眼中把自己对象化为完美的陌生人,也就是说,成为一个抑制自身陌生因素不使其表现出来的人。理性之城只在他们满足了此项要求并且自愿接受无名无姓的前提下欢迎他们。
            The madman isobliged to objectify himself in the eyes of reason as the perfectstranger, that is, the man whose strangeness does not reveal itself.The city of reason welcomes him only with this qualification and atthe price of this surrender to anonymity.
            中世纪和文艺复兴时期: 癫与理性相对,作为人类存在的另一类模式,它不是对理性的简单拒斥。
            17世纪中期左右:古典时代把疯癫看做对人类理性特征的单纯否定。疯癫被当做非理性(déraison),完全陷入了没有人类意义的动物性之中。相应的,疯人就在观念上被排除在人类世界之外。
            精神病院的规则从来都不是医疗性质的,而是掌握在道德权威手中。医生具有权威,并不是因为他们掌握了治疗疾病的知识(这最多不过是巧合),而是因为他们代表了社会的道德要求。
            (.....


            6楼2017-02-22 18:27
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              边沁的监狱:
              控制的实现依靠的不是监视这一事实而是监视的可能性。事实上,监视者只会偶尔向某一间囚室看去,但住在囚室中的犯人不知道这种“偶尔”何时发生,所以必须假设自己总是在被监视。其结果是,我们“在被囚者身上造就了一种有意识的状态和持久的可见性,从而确保权力机制的自动运行”
              Sex:
              规训所控制的对象如何主动将控制他们的规范内化从而成为自身行为的监视者。在性经验方面,这一现象占据了中心位置,因为个体应能领会自己作为一种性存在的本性,并且根据这种自我认知改变自己的生活。因此,我们不仅仅是那些对我们进行过专门了解的规训活动的对象,也同时作为对我们自身的知识进行自我审查与自我建构的主体而受到控制。
              问题不在于自觉如何从不自觉中产生,而在于一个自觉的存在怎样获得了某一特定身份,换言之,怎样逐渐认为自己受一套特定的伦理规范的指导,这些规范赋予其存在以特定的意义和目的。
              The question is not how consciousness emerges from unconscious matter but how a conscious being assumes a particular identity, that is, comes to think of itself as directed by a given set of ethical norms, which give its existence a specific meaning and purpose.


              7楼2017-02-23 03:49
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                卢梭在论艺术和科学(Discourse on the Arts and Sciences)里说随着艺术和文明日益发展我们的灵魂日益腐坏,而向往“青铜色天空下富饶”的古埃及。。联想到孔子当年也批过说他的当下礼崩乐坏,向往周公的年代,虽然都是因为对当下的失望而往回看,得出的观点倒是完全岔劈了。。
                与中国能够形成互文关系的应该是文艺复兴时期?
                中世纪(“太古时期的野蛮状态”——J-Rs)从西罗马灭国开始直到东罗马(拜占庭)被伊斯兰攻陷,文艺复兴自此开始,卢梭将其归功(咎)于摧残文艺的伊斯兰教徒,使得大批知识分子来到意大利,催生了对昔日古希腊和古罗马文明的“再现”。
                Rs的批注(1):
                Princes always are always happy to see developing among their subjects the taste for agreeable arts and for superfluities which do not result in the export of money. For quite apart from the fact that with these they nourish that spiritual pettiness so appropriate for servitude, they know very well that all the needs which people give themselves are so many chains binding them. When Alexander wished to keep the Ichthyophagi dependent on him, he forced them to abandon fishing and to nourish themselves on foods common to other people. And no one has been able to subjugate the savages in America, who go around quite naked and live only from what their hunting provides. In fact, what yoke could be imposed on men who have no need of anything?
                Before art fashioned our manners and taught our passions to speak an affected language, our habits were rustic but natural, and differences in behavior announced at first glance differences in character.
                人性虽然算不上更好,但至少大家(因为没有礼仪和文明的约束)彼此了解。
                Human nature was not fundamentally better, but men found their security in the ease with which they could see through each other, and this advantage, whose value we no longer feel, spared them many vices.
                (某人对原始的人性一定有什么误解。。。


                8楼2017-02-25 17:47
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                  2025-05-11 03:15:28
                  广告
                  Rs:
                  “There is in Asia an immense country where literary honours lead to the highest offices of state. If the sciences purified morals, if they taught men to shed their own blood for their country, if they inspired courage, the people of China would become wise, free, and invincible. But if there is no vice which does not rule over them, no crime unfamiliar to them, if neither the enlightenment of ministers, nor the alleged wisdom in the laws, nor the multitude of inhabitants of that vast empire was capable of keeping it safe from the ignorant and coarse yoke of the Tartars, what use have all these wise men been to them? What fruits has it reaped from all the honours lavished on them? Could it perhaps be the reward of being an enslaved and wicked people?”
                  友人:放屁!
                  我:你冷静一下,他说了啥……他说了啥?他说的这啥??


                  9楼2017-02-25 17:52
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                    “although these people know nothing, they all believe they know something; whereas, I, if I know nothing, at least have no doubts about it. As a result, all this superiority in wisdom which the oracle has attributed to me reduces itself to the single point that I am strongly convinced that I am ignorant of what I do not know.”
                    Rs引用自苏格拉底,这是怀疑主义么。。
                    之前哪儿看到的,说笛卡尔的我思故我在也算是有蕴涵怀疑主义:“I could doubt everything around him. But one thing I cannot doubt, Descartes said, is that I am doubting.”


                    10楼2017-02-25 18:10
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                      "Since the learned men began to appear among us," their own philosophers used to say, "good people have slipped away."
                      我看的都颤抖了(。
                      Peoples, know once and for all that nature wished to protect you from knowledge, just as a mother snatches away a dangerous weapon from the hands of her child, that all the secrets which she keeps hidden from you are so many evils she is defending you against, and that the difficulty you experience in educating yourselves is not the least of her benefits. Men are perverse; they would be even worse if they had the misfortune of being born knowledgeable.
                      (。・∀・)ノ゙嗨!嗨?哈喽??
                      第二部分讲,科学与艺术都是从我们的罪恶中诞生出来的。
                      后边又来了一句,如果他们诞生于我们的德行,那我们对它们的怀疑就可以少一些了。
                      (你狡辩!狡辩!拍桌!


                      11楼2017-02-25 18:35
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                        一个可以说是非常不怀好意的说法:
                        卢梭在受到攻讦逃亡变得敏感内省并专注自我之后,可爱了很多很多很多。
                        但其实我甚至读到了萌芽时期的消费主义(。)
                        您要是长命百岁活到现在眼见着现代主义进入后现代消费社会您可得多绝望啊(拍肩


                        12楼2017-02-25 20:17
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                          曾经善良无罪的人愿意让神明见证他们的行为,他们生活在同一屋檐下,然而不久之后人们便变得邪恶有罪,他们厌倦了碍手碍脚的神明的监督了,便将他们请入华丽的神殿。最终,他们驱逐了众神而让自己住了进去,或者至少,神殿和市民的房屋也没什么两样了。
                          “When innocent and virtuous men liked to have gods as witnesses of their actions, they lived with them in the same huts. But having soon become evil, they grew weary of these inconvenient spectators and relegated them to magnificent temples. Finally, they chased the gods out of those so they could set themselves up in the temples, or at least the gods' temples were no longer distinguished from the citizens' houses.”
                          所以卢梭是相信人之初性本善的,或者也许只是一种期望罢了,想起来几天前读陈丹青的一个采访,他聊“人之初,性本善”这句话的时候,说孟子“并不是说人一生出来就怎样,而是孟子这样看待人,要大家也这样看待人。人对一切需要有个说法。‘性本善’意思就是‘人怎么这
                          么恶呀!’‘人之初’意思就是‘人原本没有这么恶吧?’”
                          这戾气:
                          “那是各式各样颠倒歪曲了的心灵与理智的形象。”
                          Our gardens are decorated with statues and our galleries with paintings. What do you think these artistic masterpieces on show for public admiration represent? The defenders of our country? Or those even greater men who have enriched it with their virtues? No. They are images of all the errors of the heart and mind, carefully derived from ancient mythology, and presented to our children's curiosity at a young age, no doubt so that they may have right before their eyes models of bad actions even before they know how to read.
                          人们对我的反对只不过是重新证明了我的观点,那么多(对恶的)预防禁止措施只能更说明它们的存在是多么必要,人们对根本不存在的恶是不会寻求解救方法的。
                          Let no one therefore make an objection which is for me only a new proof. So many precautions reveal only too clearly how necessary it is to take them. People do not seek remedies for evils which do not exist.
                          (下面这句话没懂= =)
                          Why must these ones, because of their inadequacy, still have the character of ordinary remedies?
                          但为什么(解决这些恶的办法)一定要是(通过科学与文化来教导人类向善)这种呢?是因为它们仍然有缺陷(专注细枝末节而不直达根本),仍然有平凡之恶的特点吗?
                          So many institutions created for the benefit of the learned are only all the more capable of impressing people with the objects of the sciences and of directing minds towards their cultivation. It seems, to judge from the precautions people take, that we have too many farm labourers and are afraid of not having enough philosophers.
                          差不多就是,越来越多的学者和学术机构,人们学习哲学,哲学引领大家成为哲学家,并继续创造哲学,这种意思……人们通过教育等一系列防范措施减少无知之人(农民——您对体力劳动者是不是有意见?)仿佛已经有了太多劳动者而只是缺乏哲学家,知识分子还不够多吗农民才是生产基础啊(←潜台词)。。
                          嗨朋友你的思想很危险噢您知道上山下乡吗(围笑
                          后面random的cirtique了欧洲同时代的各个派别的哲学家把他们比作街头卖艺的江湖骗子吆喝观众的人“走过路过不要错过我的哲学观点才是真理”,并对此发出了嘲讽:“您真觉得这说教是好东西您就自个儿留着让您的朋友和子孙享受呗这样我们彼此都会轻松很多”。。
                          倒数第二段,突然抑郁(((???
                          As for us, common men to whom heaven has not allotted such great talents and destined for so much glory, let us remain in our obscurity. Let us not run after a reputation which would elude us and which, in the present state of things, would never give back to us what it would cost, even if we had all the qualifications to obtain it. What good is it looking for our happiness in the opinion of others if we can find it in ourselves? Let us leave to others the care of instructing people about their duties, and limit ourselves to carrying out our own well. We do not need to know any more than this.
                          就让我们安于默默无闻吧!上帝的归上帝,凯撒的归凯撒(这句话并不是这么用的但它突然从我脑海里跳出来了没时间了只能记上了就解释成让聪明的有志气的人去尽他妈的不不不他们的义务吧),我们就好好的当愚民就行了(盆友啊假装谦逊也不能掩饰您这思想真的我说很危险啊……
                          fin.
                          材料:
                          Discourse on the Arts and Sciences
                          Jean-Jacques Rousseau
                          Translated by Ian Johnston
                          中译参考:何兆武


                          13楼2017-02-25 22:41
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                            既然都在这儿了……
                            那就继续发这里………………
                            On Collecting and Culture (《The predicament of culture》的第十章)
                            作者:James Clifford
                            下面这张图是这个作者提出的文化-艺术 系统:


                            15楼2017-03-06 17:07
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                              2025-05-11 03:09:28
                              广告
                              possessive individualism: 占有型个人主义
                              “the individual surrounded by accumulated property and goods. The same ideal can hold true for collectivities making and remaking their cultural "selves." ”
                              个人被累积的财产和货物包围。 同样的理想型可以适用于集体制造和重塑他们文化的“自我”。
                              His analysis suggests that this identity, whether cultural or personal, presupposes acts of the collection, gathering up possessions in arbitrary systems of value and meaning. Such systems, always powerful and rule-governed, change historically. One cannot escape them.
                              分析表明,这种身份(认同),无论是文化的还是个人的,都预先假定收集行为,在任意价值和意义的系统中聚集财产。 通常这样强大的受规则支配控制的系统,会根据历史进程改变,而个人无法逃脱它的控制。
                              the collection and preservation of an authentic domain of identity cannot be natural or innocent. It is tied up with nationalist politics, with the restrictive law, and with contested encodings of past and future.
                              被认为可靠的身份认同(归属划分)的收集和保存并非自然的或“无辜”的。 它与民族主义政治,约束性法律以及对过去和未来有争议的编码联系在一起。
                              But the notion that this gathering involves the accumulation of possessions, the idea that identity is a kind of wealth (of objects, knowledge, memories, experience), is surely not universal.
                              说到占有型价值观:以收集(据为己有)物品/知识/记忆作为个人(或文化)价值的体现,这种想法并非是普遍存在的,举了个例子(Melanesian - 啥地方?的大人物(big men)就没有私人物品的概念,而只会进行交换重分配)然而在西方,收集(私有化)长期以来一直是控制自我,文化和真实性占有权的有效策略(In the West, however, collecting has long been a strategy for the deployment of a possessive self, culture, and authenticity. )。
                              联系卢梭(只是因为刚读过他)那个关于艺术和科学(启蒙运动)对人类社会影响的观点,也提到过人类文明社会之“恶”始于西方社会的“财产私有化”……跟这里的观点相似了。
                              之后说到儿童的收藏行为:这种小型的收藏模式表现了“将这个世界的一部分聚拢在自己身边使其成为个人的”这种具有更广泛意义的文化规则:包括如何将贪婪和掠夺的欲望转化为某种理性和有意义(将其赋予意义)的收藏规则。
                              In these small rituals we observe the channelings of obsession, an exercise in how to make the world one's own, to gather things around oneself tastefully, appropriately. The inclusions in all collections reflect wider cultural rules-of rational taxonomy, of gender, of aesthetics. An excessive, sometimes even rapacious need to have is transformed into rule-governed, meaningful desire. Thus the self that must possess but cannot have it all learns to select, order, classify in hierarchies-to make "good" collections.
                              附注1 里提到,对博物馆历史的研究中,很明确表现出了“收藏热情”是非常具有性别特质的(the passion to collect, preserve, and display is articulated in gendered ways that are historically specific.)。
                              并且收藏癖(的价值体现):1、藏品需要被展示;2、藏品需要被很好的整理标记归类(美学的/分类学的/启发性的有教育意义的/能辨别真伪的);
                              提到了关于博物馆如何通过“将物品剥离出原有背景(历史/文化/主体间)”创造一个世界的缩影(的幻觉)并使它们“代表”抽象的整体。
                              how collections, most notably museums-create the illusion of adequate representation of a world by first cutting objects out of specific contexts (whether cultural, historical, or intersubjective) and making them "stand for" abstract wholes.(例子是Bambara mask - 面具成了该文化的象征)
                              Stewart arguesthat in the modern Western museum "an illusion of a relation between things takes theplace of a social relation" (p. 165) 在现代西方博物馆中,“物体之间关系的幻觉代替了社会关系”
                              The collector discovers, acquires, salvages objects.The objective world is given, not produced, and thus historical relations of power in thework of acquisition are occulted. The making of meaning in museum classification anddisplay is mystified as adequate representation. The time and order of the collectionerase the concrete social labor of its making. 收藏者发现、获取、抢救收藏品。 客观世界是给定的,不是产生的,因此在获取过程中,历史上的权力关系被掩盖。 在博物馆的分类和展示中,赋予意义被神秘化为足够的代表性。 收集的时间和顺序抹去了它(生产过程中)的具体社会劳动。


                              16楼2017-03-07 00:57
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